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The Role of Nutrition in Our Health |
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3 | (36) |
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What Is the Science of Nutrition and How Did It Evolve? |
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4 | (2) |
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Highlight: Solving the Mystery of Pellagra |
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5 | (1) |
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How Does Nutrition Contribute to Health? |
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6 | (3) |
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Nutrition Is One of Several Factors Supporting Wellness |
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6 | (1) |
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A Healthful Diet Can Prevent Some Diseases and Reduce Your Risk for Others |
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6 | (2) |
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Healthy People 2020 Identifies Nutrition-Related Goals for the United States |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (5) |
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins Provide Energy |
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10 | (1) |
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Highlight: What Is a Kilocalorie? |
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11 | (1) |
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You Do the Math: Calculating Energy Contribution of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins |
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12 | (1) |
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Vitamins Assist in the Regulation of Physiologic Processes |
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13 | (1) |
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Minerals Assist in the Regulation of Many Body Functions |
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14 | (1) |
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Water Supports All Body Functions |
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14 | (1) |
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What Are the Current Dietary Recommendations and How Are They Used? |
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14 | (4) |
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The Dietary Reference Intakes Identify a Healthy Person's Nutrient Needs |
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15 | (2) |
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Diets Based on the DRIs Promote Wellness |
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17 | (1) |
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How Do Nutrition Professionals Assess the Nutritional Status of Clients? |
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18 | (3) |
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A Physical Examination Is Conducted by a Healthcare Provider |
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18 | (1) |
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Questionnaires Elicit Subjective Information |
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19 | (1) |
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Anthropometric Assessments Provide Objective Data |
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20 | (1) |
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A Finding of Malnutrition Requires Further Classification |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Research Study Results: Who Can We Believe? |
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21 | (6) |
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Research Involves Applying the Scientific Method |
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22 | (2) |
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Different Types of Research Studies Tell Us Different Stories |
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24 | (2) |
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Use Your Knowledge of Research to Help You Evaluate Media Reports |
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26 | (1) |
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Nutrition Advice: Whom Can You Trust? |
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27 | (8) |
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Trustworthy Experts Are Educated and Credentialed |
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28 | (1) |
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Government Sources of Information Are Usually Trustworthy |
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28 | (2) |
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Professional Organizations Provide Reliable Nutrition Information |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (4) |
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Nutrition Debate: Nutrigenomics: Personalized Nutrition or Pie in the Sky? |
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35 | (4) |
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Designing a Healthful Diet |
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39 | (34) |
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What Is a Healthful Diet? |
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40 | (2) |
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A Healthful Diet Is Adequate |
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40 | (1) |
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A Healthful Diet Is Moderate |
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41 | (1) |
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A Healthful Diet Is Balanced |
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41 | (1) |
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A Healthful Diet Is Varied |
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41 | (1) |
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What Tools Can Help Me Design a Healthful Diet? |
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42 | (22) |
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Reading Food Labels Can Be Easy and Helpful |
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42 | (4) |
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46 | (1) |
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Dietary Guidelines for Americans |
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47 | (1) |
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Nutrition Label Activity: How Do Health Claims on Food Labels Measure Up? |
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48 | (4) |
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52 | (5) |
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Nutrition Label Activity: How Realistic Are the Serving Sizes Listed on Food Labels? |
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57 | (1) |
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You Do the Math: How Much Exercise Is Needed to Combat Increasing Food Portion Sizes? |
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58 | (3) |
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Highlight: The Mediterranean Diet and Pyramid |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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Can Eating Out Be Part of a Healthful Diet? |
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64 | (6) |
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The Hidden Costs of Eating Out |
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64 | (1) |
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The Healthful Way to Eat Out |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (4) |
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Nutrition Debate: Will Revising the USDA Food Guide Pyramid Help You Find the Perfect Diet? |
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70 | (3) |
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The Human Body: Are We Really What We Eat? |
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73 | (38) |
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Why Do We Want to Eat What We Want to Eat? |
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74 | (4) |
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The Hypothalamus Prompts Hunger in Response to Various Signals |
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74 | (2) |
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Environmental Cues Trigger Appetite |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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What Happens to the Food We Eat? |
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78 | (8) |
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Digestion Begins in the Mouth |
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79 | (1) |
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The Esophagus Propels Food into the Stomach |
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80 | (2) |
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The Stomach Mixes, Digests, and Stores Food |
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82 | (2) |
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Most Digestion and Absorption Occurs in the Small Intestine |
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84 | (1) |
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The Large Intestine Stores Food Waste Until It Is Excreted |
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85 | (1) |
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How Does the Body Accomplish Chemical Digestion? |
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86 | (3) |
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Enzymes Speed Up Digestion via Hydrolysis |
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86 | (1) |
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Hormones Assist in Regulating Digestion |
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87 | (1) |
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Accessory Organs Produce, Store, and Secrete Chemicals That Aid in Digestion |
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88 | (1) |
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How Does the Body Absorb and Transport Digested Nutrients? |
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89 | (3) |
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A Specialized Lining Enables the Small Intestine to Absorb Food |
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90 | (1) |
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Four Types of Absorption Occur in the Small Intestine |
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90 | (1) |
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Blood and Lymph Transport Nutrients and Wastes |
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91 | (1) |
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How Does the Body Coordinate and Regulate Digestion? |
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92 | (2) |
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The Muscles of the Gastrointestinal Tract Mix and Move Food |
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92 | (1) |
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Nerves Control the Contractions and Secretions of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
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93 | (1) |
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What Disorders Are Related to Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination? |
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94 | (14) |
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Belching and Flatulence Are Common |
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94 | (1) |
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Heartburn and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Are Caused by Reflux of Stomach Acid |
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95 | (1) |
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An Ulcer Is an Area of Erosion in the GI Tract |
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96 | (1) |
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Some People Experience Disorders Related to Specific Foods |
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97 | (2) |
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Crohn Disease and Colitis Are Inflammatory Disorders |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Diarrhea, Constipation, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Are Functional Disorders |
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100 | (2) |
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Highlight: Traveler's Diarrhea---What Is It and How Can I Prevent It? |
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102 | (1) |
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See for Yourself: Do You Eat in Response to External or Internal Cues? |
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103 | (5) |
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Nutrition Debate: Should All School-Age Children Be Screened for Celiac Disease? |
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108 | (3) |
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Carbohydrates: Plant-Derived Energy Nutrients |
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111 | (56) |
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112 | (1) |
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What's the Difference Between Simple and Complex Carbohydrates? |
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113 | (5) |
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Simple Carbohydrates Include Monosaccharides and Disaccharides |
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113 | (2) |
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Nutrition Myth or Fact? Is Honey More Nutritious Than Table Sugar? |
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115 | (1) |
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Complex Carbohydrates Include Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides |
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116 | (2) |
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How Do Our Bodies Break Down Carbohydrates? |
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118 | (6) |
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Digestion Breaks Down Most Carbohydrates into Monosaccharides |
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119 | (1) |
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The Liver Converts Most Non-Glucose Monosaccharides into Glucose |
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120 | (1) |
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Fiber Is Excreted from the Large Intestine |
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120 | (1) |
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A Variety of Hormones Regulate Blood Glucose Levels |
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121 | (1) |
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The Glycemic Index Shows How Foods Affect Our Blood Glucose Levels |
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122 | (2) |
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Why Do We Need Carbohydrates? |
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124 | (4) |
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Carbohydrates Provide Energy |
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124 | (2) |
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Complex Carbohydrates Have Health Benefits |
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126 | (1) |
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Fiber Helps Us Stay Healthy |
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126 | (2) |
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How Much Carbohydrate Should We Eat? |
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128 | (8) |
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Most Americans Eat Too Much Simple Carbohydrate |
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128 | (1) |
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Highlight: Forms of Sugars Commonly Used in Foods |
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129 | (1) |
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Simple Carbohydrates Are Blamed for Many Health Problems |
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130 | (1) |
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Most Americans Eat Too Little Complex Carbohydrate |
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131 | (3) |
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134 | (2) |
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Nutrition Label Activity: Recognizing Carbohydrates on the Label |
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136 | (1) |
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What's the Story on Alternative Sweeteners? |
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136 | (4) |
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Alternative Sweeteners Are Non-Nutritive |
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138 | (1) |
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Limited Use of Alternative Sweeteners Is Not Harmful |
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138 | (2) |
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What Disorders Are Related to Carbohydrate Metabolism? |
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140 | (11) |
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Diabetes: Impaired Regulation of Glucose |
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140 | (2) |
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Highlight: Living with Diabetes |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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Hypoglycemia: Low Blood Glucose |
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144 | (1) |
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Lactose Intolerance: Inability to Digest Lactose |
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145 | (1) |
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See for Yourself: Calculate Your Risk for Type 2 Diabetes |
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146 | (5) |
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Nutrition Debate: Is High-Fructose Corn Syrup the Cause of the Obesity Epidemic? |
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151 | (4) |
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155 | |
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What Are the Health Benefits and Concerns of Moderate Alcohol Intake? |
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154 | (2) |
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Benefits of Moderate Alcohol Intake |
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155 | (1) |
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Concerns of Moderate Alcohol Intake |
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156 | (1) |
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How Is Alcohol Metabolized? |
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156 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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What Are the Effects of Alcohol Abuse? |
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158 | (5) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Increased Risk of Chronic Disease |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Increased Risk of Traumatic Injury |
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161 | (1) |
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Fetal and Infant Health Problems |
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161 | (1) |
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Highlight: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
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162 | (1) |
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Taking Control of Your Alcohol Intake |
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163 | (1) |
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Should You Be Concerned About Your Alcohol Intake? |
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163 | (1) |
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Talking to Someone About Alcohol Addiction |
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163 | (4) |
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Lipids: Essential Energy-Supplying Nutrients |
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167 | (42) |
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168 | (8) |
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Triglycerides Are the Most Common Food-Based Lipid |
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168 | (6) |
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Phospholipids Combine Lipids with Phosphate |
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174 | (1) |
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Sterols Have a Ring Structure |
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175 | (1) |
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How Does the Body Break Down Lipids? |
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176 | (5) |
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The Gallbladder, Liver, and Pancreas Assist in Fat Digestion |
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176 | (2) |
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Absorption of Lipids Occurs Primarily in the Small Intestine |
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178 | (1) |
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Fat Is Stored in Adipose Tissues for Later Use |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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Body Fat Stores Energy for Later Use |
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182 | (1) |
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Essential Fatty Acids Are Components of Important Biological Compounds |
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182 | (1) |
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Dietary Fat Enables the Transport of Fat-Soluble Vitamins |
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183 | (1) |
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Lipids Help Maintain Cell Function and Provide Protection to the Body |
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183 | (1) |
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Fats Contribute to the Flavor and Texture of Foods |
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183 | (1) |
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Fats Help Us Feel Satiated Because They Are Energy Dense |
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183 | (1) |
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How Much Dietary Fat Should We Eat? |
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184 | (5) |
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Dietary Reference Intake for Total Fat |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Dietary Reference Intakes for Essential Fatty Acids |
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185 | (1) |
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Most Americans Eat Within the Recommended Percentage of Fat but Eat the Wrong Types |
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185 | (1) |
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Don't Let the Fats Fool You |
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186 | (1) |
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Highlight: Low-Fat, Reduced-Fat, Nonfat...What's the Difference? |
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187 | (2) |
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What Role Do Lipids Play in Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer? |
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189 | (17) |
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Fats Can Protect Against or Promote Cardiovascular Disease |
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189 | (1) |
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Nutrition Label Activity: How Much Fat Is in This Food? |
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190 | (7) |
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Highlight: Blood Lipid Levels: Know Your Numbers! |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (1) |
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Does a High-Fat Diet Cause Cancer? |
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200 | (1) |
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See for Yourself: Tips for Heart-Healthy Eating |
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201 | (5) |
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Nutrition Debate: Should Nutrition Professionals Speak Out Against ``Bad'' Foods? |
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206 | (3) |
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Proteins: Crucial Components of All Body Tissues |
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209 | (38) |
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210 | (3) |
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How Do Proteins Differ from Carbohydrates and Lipids? |
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210 | (1) |
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The Building Blocks of Proteins Are Amino Acids |
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210 | (3) |
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213 | (6) |
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Amino Acids Bond to Form a Variety of Peptides |
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213 | (1) |
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Genes Regulate Amino Acid Binding |
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213 | (3) |
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Protein Turnover Involves Synthesis and Degradation |
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216 | (1) |
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Protein Organization Determines Function |
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216 | (2) |
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Protein Denaturation Affects Shape and Function |
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218 | (1) |
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Protein Synthesis Can Be Limited by Missing Amino Acids |
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218 | (1) |
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Protein Synthesis Can Be Enhanced by Mutual Supplementation |
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218 | (1) |
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How Does the Body Break Down Proteins? |
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219 | (2) |
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Stomach Acids and Enzymes Break Proteins into Short Polypeptides |
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219 | (1) |
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Enzymes in the Small Intestine Break Polypeptides into Single Amino Acids |
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220 | (1) |
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Protein Quality Is Affected by Amino Acid Content and Digestibility |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (4) |
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Proteins Contribute to Cell Growth, Repair, and Maintenance |
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222 | (1) |
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Proteins Act as Enzymes and Hormones |
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222 | (1) |
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Proteins Help Maintain Fluid and Electrolyte Balance |
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222 | (1) |
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Proteins Help Maintain Acid-Base Balance |
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223 | (1) |
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Proteins Help Maintain a Strong Immune System |
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224 | (1) |
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Proteins Serve as an Energy Source |
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224 | (1) |
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Proteins Assist in the Transport and Storage of Nutrients |
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225 | (1) |
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How Much Protein Should We Eat? |
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225 | (6) |
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Nitrogen Balance Is a Method Used to Determine Protein Needs |
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225 | (1) |
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Nutrition Myth or Fact? Do Ahtletes Need More Protein Than Inactive People? |
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226 | (1) |
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Recommended Dietary Allowance for Protein |
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227 | (1) |
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You Do the Math: Calculating Your Protein Needs |
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228 | (1) |
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Most Americans Meet or Exceed the RDA for Protein |
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228 | (1) |
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Too Much Dietary Protein Can Be Harmful |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Good Food Sources of Protein |
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230 | (1) |
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Can a Vegetarian Diet Provide Adequate Protein? |
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231 | (6) |
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Nutrition Label Activity: How Much Protein Do You Eat? |
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232 | (1) |
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Types of Vegetarian Diets |
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232 | (1) |
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Why Do People Become Vegetarians? |
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233 | (1) |
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Highlight: Mad Cow Disease---What's the Beef? |
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234 | (1) |
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What Are the Challenges of a Vegetarian Diet? |
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235 | (1) |
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Using the Vegetarian Food Pyramid to Guide Food Choices |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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What Disorders Are Related to Protein Intake or Metabolism? |
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237 | (7) |
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Protein-Energy Malnutrition Can Lead to Debility and Death |
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237 | (1) |
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Disorders Related to Genetic Abnormalities |
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238 | (1) |
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See for Yourself: Tips for Adding Legumes to Your Daily Diet |
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239 | (5) |
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Nutrition Debate: Meat Consumption and Global Warming: Tofu to the Rescue? |
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244 | (3) |
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Metabolism: From Food to Life |
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247 | (46) |
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Why Is Metabolism Essential for Life? |
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248 | (2) |
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Anabolism and Catabolism Require or Release Energy |
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248 | (1) |
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Energy Stored in Adenosine Triphosphate Fuels the Work of All Body Cells |
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249 | (1) |
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What Chemical Reactions Are Fundamental to Metabolism? |
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250 | (4) |
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In Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions, Water Reacts with Molecules |
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251 | (1) |
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In Phosphorylation Reactions, Molecules Exchange Phosphate |
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252 | (1) |
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In Oxidation-Reduction Reactions, Molecules Exchange Electrons |
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253 | (1) |
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Enzymes Mediate Metabolic Reactions |
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253 | (1) |
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How Is Energy Extracted from Carbohydrates? |
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254 | (5) |
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In Glycolysis, Glucose Is Broken Down into Pyruvate |
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254 | (1) |
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In the Absence of Oxygen, Pyruvate Is Converted to Lactic Acid |
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255 | (1) |
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In the Presence of Oxygen, Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl CoA |
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256 | (1) |
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The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Begins with the Entry of Acetyl CoA |
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257 | (1) |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation Captures Energy as ATP |
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258 | (1) |
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How Is Energy Extracted from Fats? |
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259 | (4) |
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Glycerol Is Converted to Pyruvate |
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259 | (1) |
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Fatty Acids Are Converted to Acetyl CoA |
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259 | (2) |
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Fatty Acids Cannot Be Converted to Glucose |
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261 | (1) |
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Ketones Are a By-Product of Fat Catabolism |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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How Is Energy Extracted from Proteins? |
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263 | (3) |
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In Proteolysis, Proteins Are Broken Down to Amino Acids |
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263 | (1) |
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Ammonia Is a By-Product of Protein Catabolism |
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264 | (1) |
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You Do the Math: Designing a Ketogenic Diet |
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264 | (2) |
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How Is Alcohol Metabolized? |
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266 | (2) |
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Alcohol Is Metabolized Through Oxidation |
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266 | (1) |
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The Oxidation of Alcohol Begins in the Stomach |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
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The Energy of Dietary Glucose Is Stored as Muscle and Liver Glycogen |
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268 | (1) |
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The Energy of Dietary Triglycerides Is Stored as Adipose Tissue |
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269 | (1) |
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The Energy of Dietary Proteins Is Found as Circulating Amino Acids |
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269 | (1) |
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How Are Macronutrients Synthesized? |
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269 | (2) |
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Gluconeogenesis Is the Synthesis of Glucose |
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269 | (1) |
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Lipogenesis Is the Synthesis of Fatty Acids |
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270 | (1) |
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The Synthesis of Amino Acids |
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271 | (1) |
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What Hormones Regulate Metabolism? |
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271 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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How Do Feeding and Fasting Affect Metabolism? |
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273 | (6) |
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Metabolic Responses to Feeding |
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273 | (1) |
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Metabolic Responses to Short-Term Fasting |
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273 | (1) |
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Metabolic Responses to Prolonged Starvation |
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274 | (1) |
|
See for Yourself: Galactosemia |
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|
275 | (4) |
|
Nutrition Debate: Carnitine Supplements: A Fat-Burning Miracle? |
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|
279 | (2) |
|
In Depth: Vitamins and Minerals: Micronutrients with Macro Powers |
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|
281 | |
|
Discovering the ``Hidden'' Nutrients |
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280 | (1) |
|
How Are Vitamins Classified? |
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|
281 | (3) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (2) |
|
Same Vitamin, Different Names and Forms |
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284 | (1) |
|
How Are Minerals Classified? |
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284 | (3) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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Same Mineral, Different Forms |
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285 | (2) |
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How Do Our Bodies Use Micronutrients? |
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287 | (1) |
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What We Eat Differs from What We Absorb |
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287 | (1) |
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What We Eat Differs from What Our Cells Use |
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288 | (1) |
|
|
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288 | (1) |
|
Controversies in Micronutrient Metabolism |
|
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288 | (5) |
|
Are Supplements Healthful Sources of Micronutrients? |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Can Micronutrients Really Prevent or Treat Disease? |
|
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289 | (1) |
|
Do More Essential Micronutrients Exist? |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
Nutrients Involved in Energy Metabolism |
|
|
293 | (30) |
|
How Does the Body Regulate Energy Metabolism? |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
The Body Requires Vitamins and Minerals to Produce Energy |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Some Micronutrients Assist with Nutrient Transport and Hormone Production |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
A Profile of Nutrients Involved in Energy Metabolism |
|
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295 | (17) |
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295 | (3) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
|
You Do the Math: Calculating Niacin Equivalents |
|
|
301 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
|
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Myth or Fact? Can Chromium Supplements Enhance Body Composition? |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
What Disorders Can Result from Inadequate B-Vitamin Intake? |
|
|
312 | (8) |
|
How Do Researchers Compare Vitamin Status in Active and Sedentary Populations? |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Highlight: How Do Scientists Determine Vitamin Requirements? |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
What Evidence Links Exercise Performance and B-Vitamin Status? |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
What Types of Diets Are Low in B-Vitamins? |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
See for Yourself: Meeting your RDA for Vitamin B6 |
|
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315 | (5) |
|
Nutrition Debate: Treating Premenstrual Syndrome with Vitamin B6: Does It Work? Is It Risky? |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
Nutrients Involved in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance |
|
|
323 | (34) |
|
What Are Fluids and Electrolytes, and What Are Their Functions? |
|
|
324 | (6) |
|
Body Fluid Is the Liquid Portion of Cells and Tissues |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Body Fluid Is Composed of Water and Dissolved Substances Called Electrolytes |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Fluids Serve Many Critical Functions |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Electrolytes Support Many Body Functions |
|
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327 | (3) |
|
How Does the Body Maintain Fluid Balance? |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
The Thirst Mechanism Prompts Us to Drink Fluids |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
We Gain Fluids by Consuming Beverages and Foods and Through Metabolism |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
We Lose Fluids Through Urine, Sweat, Evaporation, Exhalation, and Feces |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
A Profile of Nutrients Involved in Hydration and Neuromuscular Function |
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332 | (11) |
|
|
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
|
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|
335 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Myth or Fact? Is Bottled Water Safer or More Harmful than Tap Water? |
|
|
336 | (2) |
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|
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338 | (1) |
|
Highlight: Can Water Be Too Much of a Good Thing? Hyponatremia in Marathon Runners |
|
|
339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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|
341 | (2) |
|
What Disorders Are Related to Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances? |
|
|
343 | (11) |
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343 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
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|
344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (3) |
|
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348 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
See for Yourself: How Pure Is Your Favorite Bottled Water? |
|
|
348 | (6) |
|
Nutrition Debate: Sports Beverages: Help or Hype? |
|
|
354 | (3) |
|
Nutrients Involved in Antioxidant Function |
|
|
357 | (52) |
|
What Are Antioxidants, and How Does the Body Use Them? |
|
|
358 | (2) |
|
Oxidation Is a Chemical Reaction in Which Atoms Lose Electrons |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Free Radicals Can Destabilize Other Molecules and Damage Cells |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Antioxidants Work by Stabilizing Free Radicals or Opposing Oxidation |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
A Profile of Nutrients That Function as Antioxidants |
|
|
360 | (19) |
|
|
|
360 | (3) |
|
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
Nutrition Myth or Fact? Can Vitamin C Prevent the Common Cold? |
|
|
365 | (2) |
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|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Myth or Fact? Can Beta-Carotene Supplements Cause Cancer? |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
Vitamin A: Much More Than an Antioxidant Nutrient |
|
|
371 | (5) |
|
|
|
376 | (3) |
|
Copper, Iron, Zinc, and Manganese Play a Peripheral Role in Antioxidant Function |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
What Disorders Are Related to Free-Radical Damage? |
|
|
379 | (14) |
|
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Highlight: Disorders Linked to Tobacco Use |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
Highlight: Nutritional Factors That Influence Our Risk for Cancer |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Age-Related Vision Impairment |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
See for Yourself: What's Your Cancer Risk? |
|
|
388 | (5) |
|
Nutrition Debate: Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation: Necessity or Waste? |
|
|
393 | (6) |
|
In Depth: Phytochemicals and Functional Foods |
|
|
399 | |
|
|
|
398 | (4) |
|
How Do Phytochemicals Reduce Our Risk of Disease? |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
Is There an RDA for Phytochemicals? |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Highlight: Will a PB&J Keep the Doctor Away? |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
What Are Functional Foods? |
|
|
402 | (7) |
|
Are Functional Foods Safe? |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Are Functional Foods Effective? |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Are You Ready to Choose Functional Foods? |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
Nutrients Involved in Bone Health |
|
|
409 | (36) |
|
How Does the Body Maintain Bone Health? |
|
|
410 | (3) |
|
The Composition of Bone Provides Strength and Flexibility |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
The Constant Activity of Bone Tissue Promotes Bone Health |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
How Do We Assess Bone Health? |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
A Profile of Nutrients That Maintain Bone Health |
|
|
414 | (18) |
|
|
|
414 | (5) |
|
Nutrition Label Activity: How Much Calcium Am I Really Consuming? |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Highlight: Calcium Supplements: Which Ones Are Best? |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (4) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Osteoporosis Is the Most Prevalent Disorder Affecting Bone Health |
|
|
432 | (10) |
|
The Impact of Aging on Osteoporosis Risk |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Gender and Genetics Affect Osteoporosis Risk |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Smoking and Poor Nutrition Increase Osteoporosis Risk |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
The Impact of Physical Activity on Osteoporosis Risk |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Treatments for Osteoporosis |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
See for Yourself: Calculate Your Risk for Osteoporosis |
|
|
437 | (5) |
|
Nutrition Debate: Vitamin D Recommendations: Time for a Boost? |
|
|
442 | (3) |
|
Nutrients Involved in Blood Health and Immunity |
|
|
445 | (40) |
|
What Is the Role of Blood in Maintaining Health? |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
A Profile of Nutrients That Maintain Healthy Blood |
|
|
446 | (22) |
|
|
|
447 | (7) |
|
Highlight: Iron Deficiency Around the World |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) |
|
|
464 | (4) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
What Disorders Can Result from Inadequate Intakes of Nutrients Involved in Blood Health? |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Vascular Disease and Homocysteine |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
What Is the Immune System, and How Does It Function? |
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
Nonspecific Immune Function Protects Against All Potential Invaders |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Specific Immune Function Protects Against Identified Antigens |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
How Does Nutrition Affect the Immune System? |
|
|
473 | (9) |
|
Protein/Energy Malnutrition Impairs Immune Function |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Obesity Increases Incidence and Severity of Infections |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Essential Fatty Acids Make Signaling Molecules for the Immune System |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Certain Vitamins and Minerals Are Critical to a Strong Immune Response |
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (6) |
|
Nutrition Debate: Do Zinc Lozenges Help Fight the Common Cold? |
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
Achieving and Maintaining a Healthful Body Weight |
|
|
485 | (58) |
|
What Is a Healthful Body Weight? |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
How Can You Evaluate Your Body Weight? |
|
|
487 | (4) |
|
Determine Your Body Mass Index (BMI) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
You Do the Math: Calculating Your Body Mass Index |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Measuring Your Body Composition |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Assess Your Fat Distribution Patterns |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
What Makes Us Gain and Lose Weight? |
|
|
491 | (14) |
|
We Gain or Lose Weight When Energy Intake and Expenditure Are Out of Balance |
|
|
492 | (5) |
|
You Do the Math: Calculating BMR and Total Daily Energy Needs |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Genetic Factors Affect Body Weight |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Highlight: Overfeeding Responses of Identical Twins |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Composition of the Diet Affects Fat Storage |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Factors Influence Body Weight |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Cultural and Economic Factors Affect Food Choices and Body Weight |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Psychologic and Social Factors Influence Behavior and Body Weight |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Myth or Fact? Does It Cost More to Eat Right? |
|
|
503 | (2) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
How Can You Achieve and Maintain a Healthful Body Weight? |
|
|
505 | (8) |
|
If You Decide to Follow a Popular Diet Plan, Choose One Based on the Three Strategies |
|
|
505 | (3) |
|
If You Decide to Design Your Own Diet Plan, Include the Three Strategies |
|
|
508 | (5) |
|
What Disorders Are Related to Energy Intake? |
|
|
513 | (12) |
|
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Obesity and Morbid Obesity |
|
|
515 | (5) |
|
See for Yourself: Rate the Latest Weight-Loss Craze |
|
|
520 | (5) |
|
Nutrition Debate: High-Protein Diets---Are They the Key to Weight Loss? |
|
|
525 | (4) |
|
In Depth: Disordered Eating |
|
|
529 | |
|
Eating Behaviors Occur on a Continuum |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
Many Factors Contribute to Disordered Eating Behaviors |
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Influence of Social and Cultural Values |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Influence of Genetic Factors |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Anorexia Nervosa Is a Potentially Deadly Eating Disorder |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Signs and Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Bulimia Nervosa Is Characterized by Binging and Purging |
|
|
533 | (3) |
|
Highlight: Eating Disorders in Men: Are They Different? |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
Symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Health Risks of Bulimia Nervosa |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Binge-Eating Disorder Can Cause Significant Weight Gain |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Night-Eating Syndrome Can Lead to Obesity |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Symptoms of Night-Eating Syndrome |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Health Risks of Night-Eating Syndrome |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
The Female Athlete Triad Consists of Three Disorders |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Components of the Female Athlete Triad |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Recognizing and Treating the Female Athlete Triad |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Treatment for Disordered Eating Requires a Multidisciplinary Approach |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
A Variety of Nutritional Therapies Are Important in Treating Anorexia Nervosa |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Counseling Is Important in Treating Bulimia Nervosa |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Talking to Someone About Disordered Eating |
|
|
539 | (4) |
|
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
|
539 | (4) |
|
Nutrition and Physical Activity: Keys to Good Health |
|
|
543 | (38) |
|
Why Engage in Physical Activity? |
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
What Is a Sound Fitness Program? |
|
|
546 | (6) |
|
A Sound Fitness Program Meets Your Personal Goals |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
A Sound Fitness Program Is Varied, Consistent,...and Fun! |
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
A Sound Fitness Program Appropriately Overloads the Body |
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
You Do the Math: Calculating Your Maximal and Training Heart Rate Range |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
A Sound Fitness Plan Includes a Warm-up and a Cool-down Period |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
What Fuels Our Activities? |
|
|
552 | (5) |
|
The ATP-CP Energy System Uses Creatine Phosphate to Regenerate ATP |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
The Breakdown of Carbohydrates Provides Energy for Both Brief and Long-Term Exercise |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
Nutrition Myth or Fact? Does Lactic Acid Cause Muscle Fatigue and Soreness? |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Aerobic Breakdown of Fats Supports Exercise of Low Intensity and Long Duration |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Amino Acids Are Not Major Sources of Fuel During Exercise |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
What Kind of Diet Supports Physical Activity? |
|
|
557 | (11) |
|
Vigorous Exercise Increases Energy Needs |
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
Carbohydrate Needs Increase for Many Active People |
|
|
559 | (3) |
|
Moderate Fat Consumption Is Enough to Support Most Activities |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
Many Athletes Have Increased Protein Needs |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Regular Exercise Increases Our Need for Fluids |
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
Inadequate Intakes of Some Vitamins and Minerals Can Diminish Health and Performance |
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Are Ergogenic Aids Necessary for Active People? |
|
|
568 | (10) |
|
Anabolic Products Are Touted as Muscle and Strength Enhancers |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Highlight: Nine Deceptive Practices Used to Market Ergogenic Aids |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
Some Products Are Said to Optimize Fuel Use During Exercise |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
See for Yourself: Tips for Increasing Your Physical Activity |
|
|
572 | (6) |
|
Nutrition Debate: How Much Physical Activity Is Enough? |
|
|
578 | (3) |
|
Food Safety and Technology: Impact on Consumers |
|
|
581 | (38) |
|
What Causes Food-Borne Illness? |
|
|
583 | (6) |
|
Food-Borne Illness Is Commonly Caused by Microorganisms or Their Toxins |
|
|
583 | (4) |
|
Highlight: How Typhoid Mary Earned Her Place in History |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
The Body Responds to Contaminated Foods with Acute Illness |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Certain Conditions Help Microorganisms Multiply in Foods |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
How Can Food-Borne Illness Be Prevented? |
|
|
589 | (8) |
|
Wash Your Hands and Kitchen Surfaces Often |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Separate Foods to Prevent Cross-Contamination |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Store Foods in the Refrigerator or Freezer |
|
|
590 | (3) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Highlight: Food Safety Tips for Your Next Barbecue |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Protect Yourself from Toxins in Foods |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
When Traveling to Other Countries |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
How Is Food Spoilage Prevented? |
|
|
597 | (5) |
|
Natural Methods Are Effective in Preserving Foods |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Modern Techniques Improve Food Safety |
|
|
598 | (4) |
|
What Are Food Additives, and Are They Safe? |
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
Additives Can Enhance a Food's Taste, Appearance, Safety, or Nutrition |
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
Are Food Additives Considered Safe? |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Do Residues Harm Our Food Supply? |
|
|
604 | (11) |
|
Persistent Organic Pollutants Can Cause Illness |
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
Pesticides Protect Against Crop Losses |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Growth Hormones and Antibiotics Are Used in Animals |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Are Organic Foods More Healthful? |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
|
|
610 | (5) |
|
Nutrition Debate: Genetically Modified Organisms: A Blessing or a Curse? |
|
|
615 | (4) |
|
Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Pregnancy and the First Year of Life |
|
|
619 | (46) |
|
Starting Out Right: Healthful Nutrition in Pregnancy |
|
|
620 | (17) |
|
Is Nutrition Important Before Conception? |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
Why Is Nutrition Important During Pregnancy? |
|
|
621 | (4) |
|
How Much Weight Should a Pregnant Woman Gain? |
|
|
625 | (2) |
|
What Are a Pregnant Woman's Nutrient Needs? |
|
|
627 | (5) |
|
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Pregnant Women |
|
|
632 | (5) |
|
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Lactation: Nutrition for Breastfeeding Mothers |
|
|
637 | (9) |
|
How Does Lactation Occur? |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
What Are a Breastfeeding Woman's Nutrient Needs? |
|
|
639 | (2) |
|
Highlight: Finding Support for Breastfeeding Moms |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Getting Real About Breastfeeding: Advantages and Challenges |
|
|
642 | (4) |
|
Infant Nutrition: From Birth to 1 Year |
|
|
646 | (16) |
|
Typical Infant Growth and Activity Patterns |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Nutrient Needs for Infants |
|
|
648 | (2) |
|
What Types of Formula Are Available? |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Label Activity: Reading Infant Food Labels |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
When Do Infants Begin to Need Solid Foods? |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
What Not to Feed an Infant |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Infants |
|
|
653 | (3) |
|
See for Yourself: Planning a Nutrient-Packed Snack |
|
|
656 | (6) |
|
Nutrition Debate: Should Breastfeeding Throughout Infancy Be Mandatory? |
|
|
662 | (3) |
|
Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence |
|
|
665 | (34) |
|
|
|
666 | (8) |
|
Toddler Growth and Activity Patterns |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
What Are a Toddler's Nutrient Needs? |
|
|
666 | (2) |
|
You Do the Math: Is This Menu Good for a Toddler? |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
Encouraging Nutritious Food Choices with Toddlers |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Label Activity: Comparing Foods for Children and Adults |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Toddlers |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Myth or Fact? Are Vegan Diets Appropriate for Young Children? |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Nutrition for Preschool and School-Age Children |
|
|
674 | (7) |
|
Childhood Growth and Activity Patterns |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
What Are a Child's Nutrient Needs? |
|
|
674 | (3) |
|
Encouraging Nutritious Food Choices in Children |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
What Is the Effect of School Attendance on Nutrition? |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Do School Lunches Improve Child Health and Nutrition? |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Nutrition-Related Concerns During Childhood |
|
|
678 | (2) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
Nutrition for Adolescents |
|
|
681 | (6) |
|
Adolescent Psychosocial Development |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Adolescent Growth and Activity Patterns |
|
|
681 | (2) |
|
What Are an Adolescent's Nutrient Needs? |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
Encouraging Nutritious Food Choices with Adolescents |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Highlight: On Your Own: Stocking Your First Kitchen |
|
|
685 | (2) |
|
Pediatric Obesity Watch: A Concern for Children and Adolescents |
|
|
687 | (8) |
|
The Seeds of Pediatric Obesity |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Obesity: Prevention Through a Healthful Diet |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Obesity: Prevention Through an Active Lifestyle |
|
|
688 | (2) |
|
See for Yourself: Is Your Local School Committed to Children's Nutrition? |
|
|
690 | (5) |
|
Nutrition Debate: The Vitamin D Dilemma: Supplements Versus Sunshine |
|
|
695 | (4) |
|
Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: The Later Years |
|
|
699 | (30) |
|
What Are the Demographics of Aging? |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
The American Population Is Aging |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
Life Span Differs from Life Expectancy |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
|
701 | (7) |
|
Many Mechanisms Are Thought to Contribute to Aging |
|
|
701 | (2) |
|
Characteristic Physiologic Changes Accompany Aging |
|
|
703 | (3) |
|
Highlight: Seniors on the Move |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
What Lifestyle Factors Accelerate Aging? |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
What Are an Older Adult's Nutrient Needs? |
|
|
708 | (5) |
|
Energy Needs of Older Adults |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Macronutrient Recommendations for Older Adults |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Micronutrient Recommendations for Older Adults |
|
|
709 | (2) |
|
Fluid Recommendations for Older Adults |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
Highlight: Supplements for Seniors |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
What Nutritional Concerns Threaten the Health of Older Adults? |
|
|
713 | (5) |
|
Overweight and Underweight |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
Interactions Between Medications and Nutrition |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
|
716 | (2) |
|
What Social Concerns Affect the Nutrition of Older Adults? |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Food Insecurity Among the Elderly |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
The Impact of Social Isolation |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Community Services Can Help Meet the Nutritional Needs of Older Adults |
|
|
719 | (2) |
|
See for Yourself: Are Meal Supplement Drinks Appropriate for Everyone? |
|
|
721 | (5) |
|
Nutrition Debate: Can We Live Longer by Eating a Low-Energy Diet? |
|
|
726 | (3) |
|
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Why Is Malnutrition a Global Concern? |
|
|
730 | (5) |
|
Undernutrition Causes Acute and Long-Term Health Problems |
|
|
730 | (3) |
|
Highlight: Encouraging Breast-Feeding in the Developing World |
|
|
733 | (2) |
|
Overnutrition Causes Overweight, Obesity, and Chronic Disease |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
What Causes Undernutrition in the Developing World? |
|
|
735 | (3) |
|
Famines Are Acute, Widespread Shortages of Food |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
Multiple Factors Contribute to Chronic Food Shortages |
|
|
736 | (2) |
|
What Causes Overnutrition in the Developing World? |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
Changes in Diet and Activity Underlie the Nutrition Paradox |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
How Many Americans Go Hungry? |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
What Are Some Solutions to Malnutrition? |
|
|
740 | (3) |
|
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
What Can You Do to Combat Global Malnutrition? |
|
|
743 | (9) |
|
Make Personal Choices That Promote Food Equity and Preserve the Environment |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Volunteer with an Organization That Fights Hunger |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Nutrition Myth or Fact? If You Clean Your Plate, Will It Help the Starving Children in Africa? |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
See for Yourself: What Can You Do to Combat Global Malnutrition? |
|
|
745 | (7) |
|
Nutrition Debate: Tariffs and Subsidies: Helpful or Harmful? |
|
|
752 | |
|
|
|
|
Appendix A: Metabolism Pathways and Biochemical Structures |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Appendix B: Chemistry Review |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Appendix C: Anatomy and Physiology Review |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Appendix D: Calculations and Conversions |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Appendix E: Foods Containing Caffeine |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Appendix F: U.S. Exchange Lists for Meal Planning |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Appendix G: Stature-for-Age Charts |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Appendix H: Organizations and Resources |
|
|
1 | (1) |
| Answers to Review Questions |
|
1 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
1 | (1) |
| Index |
|
1 | (1) |
| Credits |
|
1 | |
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