| Preface |
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xv | |
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Unit One The Changing World of Fashion |
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2 | (138) |
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4 | (34) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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6 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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7 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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7 | (1) |
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Prelude to the 20th Century |
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8 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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8 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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8 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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9 | (1) |
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The 1900s: The Beautiful Age |
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10 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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10 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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10 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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11 | (1) |
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The 1905s: New Fashions Take Hold |
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12 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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12 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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12 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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12 | (2) |
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The 1920s: Fashion Gets Modern |
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14 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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14 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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14 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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16 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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16 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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18 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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18 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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18 | (2) |
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The 1950s: New Prosperity |
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20 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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20 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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20 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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20 | (2) |
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The 19605: Times Are A-Changing |
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22 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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22 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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22 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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23 | (1) |
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The 1970s: Fashion and the ``Me'' Decade |
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24 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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24 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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24 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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24 | (4) |
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The 1980s: Pop Culture and Excess |
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28 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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28 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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28 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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29 | (1) |
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The 1990s: Fashion in the Information Age |
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30 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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30 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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30 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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30 | (2) |
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The 20005: Into The 21st Century |
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32 | (1) |
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Social and Cultural Conditions |
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32 | (1) |
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Fashion Trends and Developments |
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32 | (1) |
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Designers and Other Influences |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (4) |
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38 | (28) |
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The Importance of Fashion |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Fashion Marketing and Merchandising |
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41 | (1) |
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Misconceptions about Fashion |
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42 | (1) |
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The Terminology of Fashion |
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43 | (5) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (6) |
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Stages of the Fashion Cycle |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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Long-Run and Short-Run Fashions |
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55 | (1) |
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Consumer Buying and the Fashion Cycle |
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55 | (2) |
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The Intangibles of Fashion |
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57 | (4) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (2) |
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The Environment of Fashion |
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66 | (24) |
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68 | (3) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (5) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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The Sociological Environment |
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76 | (11) |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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War, Disaster, and Crisis |
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86 | (1) |
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The Psychological Environment |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (28) |
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Factors Influencing Fashion Movement |
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92 | (7) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (2) |
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Playing the Apparel Fashion Game |
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99 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Predicting the Movement of Fashion |
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101 | (4) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Interpreting Infuential Factors |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (1) |
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Theories of Fashion Adoption |
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105 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (4) |
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Innovators and Influentials |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Reasons for Following Fashion |
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113 | (1) |
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Fashion as an Expression of Individuality |
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114 | (2) |
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The Paradox of Conformity and Individuality |
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115 | (1) |
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Fashion and Self-Expression |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (22) |
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Economic Importance of the Fashion Business |
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120 | (1) |
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Scope of the Fashion Business |
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120 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Diversity and Competition |
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122 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Competition and Innovation |
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124 | (1) |
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Government Regulation of Business |
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124 | (1) |
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Forms of Business Ownership |
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124 | (1) |
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Business Growth and Expansion |
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124 | (6) |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Sources of Design Inspiration |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (3) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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Unit Two The Primary Level: The Materials of Fashion |
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140 | (58) |
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Textiles: Fibers and Fabrics |
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142 | (30) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (8) |
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The Development of Natural Fibers |
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144 | (3) |
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The Development of Manufactured Fibers |
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147 | (5) |
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Organization and Operation |
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152 | (2) |
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The Natural Fiber Industry |
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152 | (1) |
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The Manufactured Fiber Industry |
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152 | (2) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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154 | (3) |
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Advertising and Publicity |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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Trends in the Fiber Industry |
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157 | (1) |
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The Textile Fabric Industry |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Organization and Operation |
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159 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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161 | (3) |
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The Industry's Fashion Experts |
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161 | (1) |
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Textile Trade Shows and Fairs |
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161 | (1) |
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Advertising and Publicity |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Trends in the Textile Fabric Industry |
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164 | (6) |
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Production of High-Tech Fabrics |
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165 | (1) |
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Growing Global Competition |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Greater Diversification of Products |
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168 | (1) |
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Increased Government Regulation |
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169 | (1) |
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New Technology in Equipment |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (26) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Organization and Operation |
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175 | (3) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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178 | (2) |
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Fashion Information Services |
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178 | (1) |
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Trade Associations and Trade Shows |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Trends in the Leather Industry |
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180 | (4) |
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180 | (1) |
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Increased Competition from Synthetics |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (5) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Organization and Operation |
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189 | (3) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Retail Distribution of Furs |
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192 | (1) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Trends in the Fur Industry |
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194 | (2) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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New Channels of Retail Distribution |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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Unit Three The Secondary Level: The Producers of Apparel |
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198 | (108) |
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200 | (30) |
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What Is a Product Line, and Who Develops It? |
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202 | (4) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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The Product Development Process |
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206 | (7) |
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207 | (1) |
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Creating the Design Concept |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (3) |
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By Gender, Age, and Size Categories, and by Classification |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (4) |
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Manufacturers Acting as Retailers |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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Private Label and Specification Buying |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Advanced Technologies and Strategies |
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220 | (4) |
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Computer-Integrated Manufacturing |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (4) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (26) |
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History of the Women's Apparel Industry |
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232 | (3) |
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232 | (1) |
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Acceptance of Ready-to-Wear in the 20th Century |
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232 | (1) |
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Growth of the Fashion District |
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233 | (2) |
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Organization and Operation of the Women's Apparel Industry |
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235 | (13) |
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235 | (1) |
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Specialization by Product |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Categories in Women's Apparel |
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236 | (5) |
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241 | (3) |
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244 | (3) |
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247 | (1) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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248 | (4) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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Fashion Shows, Press Weeks, and Trade Shows |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
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Manufacturers as Retailers |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Increased Emphasis on Quick Response |
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254 | (1) |
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Use of Computers and the Internet |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (26) |
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History of the Men's Apparel Industry |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (8) |
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Role of the Industrial Revolution |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Acceptance of Ready-to-Wear in the 20th Century |
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261 | (2) |
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The Last Decades of the 20th Century |
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263 | (3) |
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Organization and Operation of the Industry |
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266 | (9) |
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Size and Location of Manufacturers |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (4) |
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272 | (3) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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275 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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Publicity in Newspapers and Magazines |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (5) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Foreign Production and Imports |
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278 | (1) |
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Specialty Trends in Retailing |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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Children's and Teens' Apparel |
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282 | (24) |
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Psychological Importance of Children's, Tweens', and Teens' Clothes |
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284 | (1) |
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Demographics and the Children's, Tweens', and Teens' Apparel Industry |
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284 | (2) |
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History of the Children's Apparel Industry |
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286 | (1) |
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Organization and Operation of the Children's, Tweens', and Teens' Apparel Industry |
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287 | (3) |
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288 | (1) |
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Special Features of Infants' and Toddlers' Wear |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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The Role of Fashion in Children's Wear |
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290 | (1) |
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The Role of Fashion in Teens' and Tweens', Wear |
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291 | (1) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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292 | (5) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (2) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (7) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Resale of Children's Wear |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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Unit Four The Secondary Level: The Other Producers |
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306 | (122) |
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Innerwear, Bodywear, Legwear |
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308 | (26) |
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An Overview of the Underwear and Innerwear Industries |
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310 | (1) |
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Innerwear or Intimate Apparel |
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310 | (12) |
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310 | (3) |
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Categories of Intimate Apparel |
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313 | (4) |
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317 | (1) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (3) |
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Men's and Children's Underwear and Sleepwear |
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322 | (3) |
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Men's and Children's Underwear |
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323 | (2) |
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Men's and Children's Pajamas and Robes |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (7) |
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326 | (3) |
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Organization and Operation |
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329 | (1) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (34) |
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336 | (6) |
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Organization and Operation |
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336 | (4) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (4) |
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Organization and Operation |
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343 | (3) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (3) |
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Organization and Operation |
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349 | (1) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (9) |
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Organization and Operation |
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355 | (7) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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Trends in the Fashion Accessories Industries |
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365 | (1) |
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Market Weeks and Trade Shows |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (2) |
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368 | (32) |
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History and Development of the Cosmetics and Fragrance Industry |
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370 | (3) |
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370 | (2) |
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Legends Versus the New Entrepreneurs |
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372 | (1) |
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Organization and Operation of the Industry |
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373 | (13) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (5) |
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Private-Label Manufacturers |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (2) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (5) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (2) |
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The Home Fragrances Market |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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391 | (3) |
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391 | (2) |
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Advertising and Sales Promotion |
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393 | (1) |
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Trade Associations, Shows, and Publications |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (3) |
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395 | (1) |
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Antibacterial and Antiallergenic Products |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (2) |
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400 | (28) |
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History of the Home Furnishings Industries |
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402 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Global Home Fashions |
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403 | (1) |
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Organization and Operation of the Industries |
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403 | (6) |
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Size and Location of Soft Goods Manufacturers |
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403 | (1) |
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Size and Location of Tabletop Manufacturers |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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Designing a Soft Goods Line |
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405 | (2) |
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Designing a Tabletop Line |
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407 | (2) |
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Product Categories of Selected Soft Goods |
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409 | (7) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (3) |
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Product Categories of Selected Tabletop Goods |
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416 | (4) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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Merchandising and Marketing |
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422 | (2) |
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Retail Channels of Distribution |
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423 | (1) |
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Advertising and Publicity |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (2) |
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Growing Fashion Influence |
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424 | (1) |
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Increased Automation in Design and Production |
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425 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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Increased Use of High-Tech Fabrics |
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425 | (1) |
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Increased Awareness of Ecological Issues |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (2) |
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Unit Five The Retail Level: The Markets for Fashion |
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428 | (102) |
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430 | (30) |
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432 | (2) |
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432 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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History and Development of Market Centers in the United States |
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434 | (1) |
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The Role of Sales Representatives |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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Services of Market Centers and Marts |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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Special Services for Market Week |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (3) |
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Trading Area and Economic Impact |
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436 | (1) |
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Advantages of the New York Market |
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437 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of the New York Market |
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438 | (1) |
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The Regional Market Centers |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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Trade Shows in the United States |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (16) |
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442 | (4) |
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446 | (3) |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (4) |
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Trends in Global Fashion Markets |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (2) |
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Global Sourcing and Merchandising |
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460 | (22) |
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463 | (2) |
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American Buyers' Visits to International Fashion Markets |
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464 | (1) |
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Store-Owned Foreign Buying Offices |
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464 | (1) |
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Foreign Commissionaires or Agents |
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464 | (1) |
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Foreign Import Fairs in the United States |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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Importing by Manufacturers |
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465 | (1) |
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Product Development: Specification and Private-Label Buying |
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466 | (1) |
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International Balance of Trade |
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467 | (3) |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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International Trading Laws |
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470 | (2) |
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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471 | (1) |
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Multi-Fiber and Textile Agreement (MFA) |
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471 | (1) |
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U.S. Regulation of Textile and Apparel Imports |
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472 | (2) |
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472 | (1) |
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Taxes: Tariffs and Duties |
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472 | (1) |
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Antisweatshop Commitments |
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472 | (1) |
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Counterfeit, Black Market, and Gray Market Goods |
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473 | (1) |
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474 | (4) |
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475 | (1) |
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Tariff Schedules 807 (9802) and 807A |
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475 | (1) |
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Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) |
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475 | (1) |
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
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475 | (2) |
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Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) |
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477 | (1) |
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Penetration of the U.S. Market by Foreign Investors |
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478 | (1) |
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478 | (1) |
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Penetration of Foreign Market by U.S. Companies |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (2) |
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482 | (26) |
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History and Development of Fashion Retailing |
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484 | (11) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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Traditional Types of Fashion Retailers |
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487 | (1) |
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487 | (2) |
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489 | (3) |
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492 | (3) |
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495 | (2) |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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Other Types of Fashion Retailers Today |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (7) |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (1) |
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Boutiques/Showcase Stores |
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500 | (2) |
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502 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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Merging for Efficiency and Expansion |
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505 | (1) |
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Trends: Changing Retail Patterns |
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506 | (1) |
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507 | (1) |
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Policies and Strategies in Fashion Retailing |
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508 | (22) |
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510 | (3) |
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510 | (1) |
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511 | (1) |
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511 | (1) |
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Depth and Breadth of Assortments |
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512 | (1) |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (1) |
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Operational Store Policies |
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513 | (6) |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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515 | (2) |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (1) |
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519 | (1) |
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Shopping Centers and Malls |
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519 | (5) |
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521 | (1) |
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522 | (1) |
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523 | (1) |
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523 | (1) |
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523 | (1) |
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Temporary Sites: Pop-Up Stores |
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524 | (1) |
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Emerging Retail Strategies |
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524 | (1) |
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Responding to the Customers' Desire for Convenience |
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524 | (1) |
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Responding to the Decline of Customer Loyalty |
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525 | (1) |
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Responding to Customers' Complaints About Sameness |
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525 | (1) |
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Responding to the High Cost of Product Development by Forging Strategic Alliances |
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525 | (1) |
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Trends in Retail Policies |
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526 | (3) |
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526 | (2) |
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Creating New Job Opportunities |
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528 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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Unit Six The Auxiliary Level: Supporting Services |
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530 | (29) |
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Fashion Auxiliary Services |
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532 | (27) |
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Fashion Auxiliary Services Offered by the Media |
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534 | (11) |
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535 | (2) |
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General Consumer Publications |
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537 | (1) |
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538 | (2) |
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540 | (5) |
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Advertising, Publicity, & Public Relations Agencies |
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545 | (3) |
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547 | (1) |
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Public Relations Agencies |
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548 | (1) |
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Other Advertising and Public Relations Services |
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548 | (1) |
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Store Design and Visual Merchandising Services |
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548 | (4) |
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549 | (1) |
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550 | (2) |
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552 | (2) |
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Fashion Consultants and Information Services |
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552 | (1) |
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553 | (1) |
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Trade Associations and Trade Shows |
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553 | (1) |
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Buying, Merchandising, and Product Development Organizations |
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554 | (2) |
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554 | (1) |
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555 | (1) |
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Functions of Buying, Merchandising, and Product Development Organization |
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556 | (1) |
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556 | (3) |
| My Top 100 Designers |
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559 | (4) |
| Glossary |
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563 | (12) |
| References |
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575 | (14) |
| Credit list |
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589 | (6) |
| Index |
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595 | |