Libro Critical Thinking de Waller, Bruce N.

Tabla de Contenidos del libro

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

(9)

Critical Thinking in Everyday Life

(1)

Play Fair

(1)

Seating a Jury

(1)

Jury Research: Eliminating or Selecting Bias?

(1)

Impartial Critical Thinking

(1)

Critical Thinking in Everyday Life

(5)

2 A Few Important Terms

(15)

Arguments

(1)

Statements

(2)

Premises and Conclusions

(3)

Deductive and Inductive Arguments

(1)

Deduction, Validity, and Soundness

(2)

Induction, Strong Arguments, and Cogent Arguments

(7)

3 What's the Question?

(10)

Determine the Conclusion

(1)

What Is the Exact Conclusion?

(8)

4 Relevant and Irrelevant Reasons

(17)

Premises Are Relevant or Irrelevant Relative to the Conclusion

(5)

Irrelevant Reason Fallacy

(11)

The Red Herring Fallacy

(11)

5 The Burden of Proof

(16)

Who Bears the Burden of Proof?

(2)

Appeal to Ignorance

(1)

The Burden of Proof in the Courtroom

(6)

Presumption of Innocence

(1)

When the Defendant Does Not Testify

(3)

Juries and the Burden of Proof

(2)

Unappealing Ignorance

(7)

6 Analyzing Arguments

(26)

Argument Structure

(4)

Convergent Arguments

(2)

Linked Arguments

(2)

Subarguments

(14)

Assumptions: Their Use and Abuse

(7)

Legitimate Assumptions

(2)

Enthymemes

(1)

Illegitimate Assumptions

(5)

7 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

(27)

Necessary Conditions

(3)

Distinguishing Necessary from Sufficient Conditions

(1)

Sufficient Conditions

(1)

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions in Ordinary Language

(2)

Conditional Statements

100

(1)

Alternative Ways of Stating Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

101

(2)

Both Necessary and Sufficient

103

(6)

Valid Inferences from Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

109

(2)

Modus Ponens

109

(2)

Modus Tollens

111

(1)

Fallacies Based on Confusion between Necessary and Sufficient Conditions

111

(3)

The Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent

112

(1)

The Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent

113

(1)

Detecting Argument Forms

114

(7)

8 Symbolic Sentential Logic

121

(33)

Truth-Functional Definitions

121

(6)

Negation

122

(1)

Disjunction

123

(1)

Conjunction

123

(1)

Conditional

124

(1)

Material Implication

125

(2)

Testing for Validity and Invalidity

127

(3)

Punctuation

130

(5)

The Truth-Table Method of Testing for Validity

135

(4)

The Short-Cut Method for Determining Validity or Invalidity

139

(15)

9 Arguments about Classes

154

(26)

Types of Categorical Propositions

155

(1)

Relations among Categorical Propositions

156

(1)

Venn Diagrams

157

(18)

Diagramming Statements

158

(5)

Diagramming Arguments

163

(12)

Translating Ordinary-Language Statements into Standard-Form Categorical Propositions

175

(5)

Reducing the Number of Terms

177

(3)

10 Ad Hominem Arguments

180

(30)

The Ad Hominem Fallacy

180

(1)

Nonfallacious Ad Hominem Arguments

181

(4)

Ad Hominem and Testimony

182

(3)

Distinguishing Argument from Testimony

185

(8)

Tricky Types of Ad Hominem

193

(9)

Bias Ad Hominem

193

(6)

Inconsistency and Ad Hominem

199

(2)

Psychological Ad Hominem

201

(1)

Inverse Ad Hominem

202

(1)

Attacking Arguments

203

(7)

11 Appeal to Authority

210

(25)

Authorities as Testifiers

211

(1)

Conditions for Legitimate Appeal to Authority

211

(10)

Popularity and Tradition

221

(15)

Cumulative Exercises One

227

(8)

(Chapters 1 through 11)

12 The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth

235

(30)

Eyewitness Testimony

236

(12)

Potential Sources of Eyewitness Error

237

(8)

Judging the Honesty of a Witness

245

(3)

The Whole Truth

248

(4)

Are the Premises True?

252

(3)

Digging, for Truth

252

(1)

Consider the Source

253

(2)

Language, Truth, and Ambiguity

255

(10)

The Fallacy of Ambiguity

255

(10)

13 Strawman, Slippery Slope, Dilemma, and Golden Mean Arguments: Their Use and Abuse

265

(31)

Strawman

265

(8)

The Principle of Charity

265

(1)

The Strawman Fallacy

266

(5)

Special Strawman Varieties

271

(2)

Slippery Slope

273

(5)

The Slippery Slope Fallacy

273

(2)

Genuine Slippery Slopes

275

(3)

Dilemmas, False and True

278

(11)

Genuine Dilemmas

279

(1)

False Dilemmas

280

(5)

False Dilemma Combined with Strawman

285

(1)

Consider the Possibilities

285

(4)

Golden Mean

289

(7)

The Golden Mean Fallacy

289

(1)

Constructing Golden Mean Fallacies

290

(6)

14 Begging the Question

296

(30)

The Problem with Question-Begging Arguments

296

(1)

Subtle Forms of Question Begging

297

(10)

Synonymous Begging the Question

298

(1)

Generalization Begging the Question

298

(1)

Circular Begging the Question

299

(2)

Self-Sealing Arguments

301

(3)

Complex Questions

304

(3)

False Charges of Begging the Question

307

(20)

Cumulative Exercises Two

310

(16)

(Chapters 1 through 14)

15 Arguments by Analogy

326

(44)

Figurative Analogy

327

(1)

Deductive Argument by Analogy

328

(21)

The Fallacy of Faulty Analogy

333

(6)

Analyzing a Deductive Argument by Analogy

339

(4)

The Fallacy of Analogical Literalism

343

(3)

Caution! Watch for Analogies That Look Like Slippery Slopes!

346

(3)

Inductive Arguments by Analogy

349

(21)

16 Scientific Reasoning

370

(46)

Distinguishing Causation from Correlation

371

(5)

The Questionable Cause Fallacy

376

(3)

The Method of Science

379

(37)

Randomized Studies and Prospective Studies

380

(1)

Making Predictions

381

(1)

When Predictions Go Wrong

382

(2)

Faulty "Scientific" Claims

384

(46)

Cumulative Exercises Three

391

(25)

(Chapters 1 through 16)

17 Thinking Critically about Statistics

416

(13)

All Children Are Above Average

416

(2)

Empty Statistics

418

(1)

Finding the Appropriate Context

418

(1)

Caught Off Base

419

(1)

Statistical Apples and Oranges

420

(1)

Statistical Half-Truths

421

(2)

Surveys

423

(6)

Consider Your Verdict

429

(28)

Comprehensive Critical Thinking in the Jury Room

Case One: Commonwealth v. Moyer

430

(9)

Judge Carroll's Summation and Charge to the Jury

437

(2)

Case Two: State v. Ransom

439

(18)

Judge Schwebel's Summation and Charge to the Jury

454

(3)

Key Terms

457

(6)

Answers to Selected Exercises

463

(18)

Index

481

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Critical Thinking

por Waller, Bruce N.